Publication Ethics

• Submit original, accurate work not under consideration elsewhere.
• Report methods and results honestly and retain supporting records.
• Credit sources and obtain necessary permissions.
• List only contributors who meet authorship criteria and obtain approval from all authors.
• Disclose funding and financial or non-financial conflicts.
• Inform the journal promptly of material errors.

Editors evaluate submissions fairly on scholarly merit, methodological quality, originality, relevance, and ethical compliance. They protect confidentiality, manage conflicts of interest, preserve editorial independence, and investigate credible allegations of misconduct.

Reviewers must provide objective and constructive assessments, maintain confidentiality, disclose conflicts, decline work outside their expertise, identify relevant uncited work where appropriate, and avoid using unpublished material.

Plagiarism, unattributed reuse, inappropriate self-overlap, simultaneous submission, and redundant or duplicate publication are not acceptable. Suspected cases will be examined using the evidence available and recognised publication-ethics guidance.

Fabricating data, manipulating materials or processes, selectively altering records, or presenting falsified results constitutes research misconduct. The journal may request underlying records and contact relevant institutions where warranted.

Authorship should reflect substantial contributions, participation in drafting or critical revision, approval of the final work, and accountability for its integrity. Contributors who do not qualify for authorship should be acknowledged with permission.

Research involving human participants must report appropriate ethics approval, informed consent, and protection of privacy. Identifiable information must not be published without appropriate consent.

Animal research must report approval by the relevant body and compliance with applicable welfare standards. Authors should describe steps taken to minimise harm.

Material errors may be addressed through corrections. Unreliable findings, serious misconduct, unethical research, or redundant publication may require retraction. An expression of concern may be issued while significant unresolved questions are investigated. Notices will identify the affected article and explain the reason for the action.

Concerns about editorial conduct, peer review, or published work may be sent to the Editor-in-Chief at lsfayeun@futa.edu.ng. Complaints and appeals will be considered confidentially, fairly, and with attention to conflicts of interest.